GIFT   OF 
Arthur  E.   Moncaster 


lircular  W.  M.  501 


The  Westi  nghouse 


The 

Westinghouse  -  Leblanc 


Condenser 


EAST    PITTSBUR.G,RXV. 


Westinghouse-L/eblanc  Condenser 

Standard  Jet  Type 
Driven  by  Westinghouse  Steam  Turbine 


Relative  sizes,  air  and  circulating  equipments  of  like  capacity 


The  Westinghouse-Leblanc  Condenser 


The  Westinghouse-Leblanc  Condenser   represents 
The  Type  .     ,  ,       -  .  •         ^ 

one    or    those    developments    in    engineering    that 

owes  its  stimulus  to  a  radical  improvement  in  another  branch 
of  the  art. 

The  steam  turbine  revolutionized  steam  engineering 
practice  in  half  a  dozen  years.  The  Leblanc  Condenser  bears 
the  same  relation  to  the  familiar  type  of  condensing  apparatus 
that  the  steam  turbine  does  to  the  reciprocating  engine.  It 
is  in  fact  a  turbine  type  condenser.  Like  the  turbine  it 
occupies  only  a  small  fraction  of  the  space  formerly  allotted. 
Like  the  turbine  it  develops  superior  efficiency,  not  by  the 
multiplication  of  parts,  but  through  a  simple  application  of 
rotary  motion,  with  no  reciprocating  or  rubbing  parts  and 
no  valves  of  any  description. 


Recent  At  the  time  of  the  introduction  of  the  steam 
Develop-  turbine  by  the  Westinghouse  Machine  Company, 
mejits  t  ,  ££  :was  announced  that  a  very  high  vacuum  would 
improve  turbine"  economies  to  an  extent  hitherto  impossible 
^wketv-^ap^li^do^to'vr^ciprocating  engines.  This  condition  nat- 
urally created  an  era  of  development  among  the  condenser 
designers. 

It  became  evident  at  once  that  the  old  types  that  were 
good  enough  for  25"  or  26"  vacuum  would  be  practically 
useless  where  the  requirements  called  for  a  vacuum  of  28"  or 
29".  While  many  refinements  thus  far  have  been  made  in 
all  features  of  condenser  design,  they  have  been  generally 
along  the  lines  of  former  practice.  The  principal  improve- 
ment adopted  by  practically  all  manufacturers  has  been  to 
apply  a  separate  dry  vacuum  pump  for  the  removal  of  air 
and  non-condensible  vapors. 

The  dry  vacuum  pump,  as  commonly  constructed,  is  a 
direct  steam  driven  reciprocating  unit,  with  its  air  cylinder 
and  valve  mechanism  designed  to  reduce  as  far  as  possible 
the  return  to  the  condenser  of  the  compressed  air  from  the 


Westinghouse-Iveblanc  Condenser  serving  a  Curtiss  Turbine  at  the  plant  of 
The  Harwood  Power  Co.,   Harwood,   Pa. 

A  cooling  pond  with  Koerting  sprays  is  used  for  cooling  the  injection  water 


clearance  spaces.  When  it  is  realized  that  the  air  follow- 
ing back  from  the  clearance  will  exceed  many  times  the 
original  volume,  it  becomes  evident  that  the  ideal  vacuum 
will  never  be  reached  by  the  reciprocating  type  of  pump. 

In  the  effort  to  overcome  these  inherent  defects,  builders 
have  resorted  to  numerous  refinements.  Air  cylinders  are 
water- jacketed  to  prevent  overheating.  Mechanically  operated 
air  valves  are  introduced,  to  prevent  the  building  up  of  a  high 
back  pressure  in  the  condenser  sufficient  to  lift  voluntary 
valves  from  their  seats.  Two  air  cylinders  are  sometimes  put 
in  series,  which  manifestly  improves  the  efficiency.  An 
additional  set  of  flash  ports  is  sometimes  introduced,  which 
permits  the  air  compressed  in  the  clearance  to  be  almost  instan- 
taneously discharged,  not  into  the  condenser,  but  into  the 
opposite  end  of  the  cylinder  just  before  the  suction  valves 
open.  This  last  expedient  would  at  first  blush  seem  to  go 
a  long  way  toward  removing  the  bad  effect  of  clearance,  if  it 
did  not  in  a  measure  defeat  itself. 

The  sudden  expansion  resulting  from  this  action  causes 
a  re-evaporation  of  the  moisture  always  present  on  the  walls 
of  the  cylinder,  and  hence,  no  air  can  enter  from  the  con- 
denser until  the  piston  has  traveled  far  enough  to  equalize 
the  pressure. 

The  net  result  of  the  combination  of  such  expedients  is 
to  impose  a  burden  of  first  cost  and  maintenance  that  will 
overbalance  the  doubtful  benefits  to  be  secured  by  extreme 
complication . 


The  most  striking  feature  of  the  Leblanc  system 
Essential  c  ,  ,.  .  .,  -,  .  ,.  ., 

P  or  condensation  is  its  compactness  and  simplicity. 

While  it  employs  the  excellent  feature  of  sep- 
arate removal  of  water  and  air,  its  functions  are  performed 
by  a  pair  of  small  turbine  type  rotors  on  a  common  shaft, 
in  a  single  unit  casing,  which  is  integral  with  the  lower  por- 
tion of  the  condensing  chamber. 

The  condensing  chamber  is  of  small  diameter,  being  but 
slightly  larger  than  the  exhaust  opening  of  the  engine. 

These  elements  are  all  discernible  at  a  glance,  but  the 
pre-eminent  superiority  of  the  Leblanc  system  over  all  others 
lies  in  the  practically  perfect  removal  of  air  and  non-conden- 
sible  vapors. 

The  detailed  description  of  the  air  pump  on  the  follow- 
ing page  shows  how  this  result  is  obtained  by  a  mechanism 
that  is  practically  indestructible. 


SECTION  N.-N. 
THROUGH   AIR   PUMP 


DISCHARGE. 


DISCHARGE. 


SECTION    M.-M. 
THROUGH    WATER    PUMP. 


Sectional  views  of  the  standard  Westinghouse-Leblanc 
Condenser  are  shown  on  the  opposite  page.  Bxhaust  steam 
enters  at  D  and  cooling  water  entering  through  pipe  A  is 
projected  downward  through  spray  nozzles  B.  The  injection 
water  and  condensed  steam  flow  to  the  centrifugal  discharge 
pump  M  under  a  head  of  2  or  3  feet,  which  insures  positive 
filling  of  the  pump.  The  exhaust  steam  is  drawn  downward 
and  condensed  by  the  water  spray.  The  space  E  above 
the  water  is  occupied  by  water  vapor  plus  the  air  released 
from  the  injection  water  and  from  the  exhaust  steam.  This 
space  communicates  with  the  air  pump  N  through  pipe  K. 

The  principle  is  entirely  new,   and  it  differs  from 
p  all  ejector  type  pumps  which   depend  on  friction 

for  the  entrainment  of  air. 

The  Leblanc  pump  projects  a  series  of  water  pistons  through 
the  discharge  nozzles,  each  one  of  which  forces  ahead  of  it 
a  small  pocket  of  air. 

This  air,  of  course,  mingles  with  the  water  in  the  lower 
portion  of  the  nozzle,  but  the  speed  is  such  that  no  part  of  it 
ever  finds  its  way  back  toward  the  condenser.  In  other  words, 
there  is  no  leakage  past  the  pistons.  The  initial  pocketing 
of  the  air  between  the  successive  layers  of  water  is  positive 
and,  as  will  readily  be  seen,  the  neutralizing  effect  of  clear- 
ance is  entirely  eliminated.  The  water  supply  for  the  air 
pump  may  be  taken  from  the  main  water  inlet  or  a  supply  may 
be  placed  in  a  tank  and  used  over  and  over  in  the  air  pump. 
Since  the  air  pump  water  is  in  communication  with  the  con- 
denser, it  is  drawn  by  suction  into  an  annular  chamber  G, 
which  is  overhung  by  the  buckets  of  the  pump  rotor  P. 
The  water  passes  out  of  the  chamber  through  the  ports  H 
and  is  projected  downward  in  a  rapid  succession  of  water 
pistons.  At  the  lower  end  of  the  air  pump  nozzle  is  placed 
an  auxiliary  ejector  nozzle  L,,  to  which  is  connected  a  steam 
pipe.  In  starting  up  the  condenser,  steam  is  turned  into  this 
auxiliary  nozzle  for  a  few  moments,  thus  creating  a  sufficient 
vacuum  to  start  the  regular  flow  of  water  through  the  air  pump. 

Where  the  level  of  the  cold  well  is  3  or  4  feet  above  the 
basement  floor,  the  air  pump  may  be  started  without  the  use 
of  steam. 


As  will  be  seen  from  the  illustration,  the  air  pump  rotor 
P  and  the  main  pump  runner  F  are  enclosed  in  a  common 
casing  and  mounted  on  the  same  shaft.  There  are  only  two 
bearings  and  the  shaft  glands  are  made  air-tight  by  water  seals. 

Power  The  pumps  are  usually  driven  by  a  Westinghouse 
Require-  steam  turbine,  and  under  ordinary  conditions  re- 
ments  quire  from  2  to  3  per  cent  of  the  power  generated 

by  the  main  engine. 

The  exhaust  from  the  condenser  turbine  is  utilized  for 
heating  feed  water,  and  when  combined  with  the  exhaust  of 
other  plant  auxiliaries,  the  quantity  is  just  about  sufficient  to 
maintain  a  feed  temperature  of  212  degrees  Fahrenheit. 

In  cases  where  economizers  are  used,  or  where  there  may 
be  extra  sources  of  exhaust  steam,  it  would  be  advisable  to 
operate  either  the  condenser  pumps  or  the  exciter  by  means 
of  an  electric  motor.  The  main  pump  is  commonly  designed 
to  discharge  against  only  a  few  feet  head  sufficient  to  over- 
come friction  in  the  discharge  line.  If  it  is  desired  to  ele- 
vate the  water  to  the  top  of  cooling  towers,  or  other  moderate 
elevations,  the  pump  can  readily  be  modified  to  meet  the 
additional  duty. 


This  is  the  only  moving  element  in  the  condenser 


Turbine  driven  condenser  at  the  plant  of 
the  Bristol  Gas  &  Electric  Co.,   Bristol,  Tenn. 


Motor  driven  condenser  at 
the  Municipal  Lighting  Plant  of  the  City  of  Cleveland 

This  condenser  serves   a    1000  kw.  Westinghouse    Turbine,    injection   water    being 

cooled  in  a  %"-acre  pond  with  Koerting  sprays — 27  >£  -inch  vacuum 

is  maintained  at  full  load  during  summer 


10 


Counter  This  term  is  often  used  in  connection  with  various 
Current  apparatus  whose  functions  involve  a  transfer  of 
Principle  neat.  Aside  from  its  application  to  surface  con- 
densers, it  is  generally  ignored  by  jet  condenser  builders, 
although  sometimes  vaguely  referred  to.  In  general  terms, 
it  may  be  said  that  counter  current  principle  as  applied  to  a 
cooling  process  consists  in  so  disposing  the  cooling  medium 
that  the  substance  being  cooled  will  at  the  instant  of  with- 
drawal be  subjected  to  the  full  effect  of  the  lowest  temper- 
ature. Thus,  in  a  surface  condenser  the  water  is  introduced 
at  the  top  and  the  steam  at  the  bottom,  the  steam,  rising  to 
the  top,  is  exposed  to  the  entering  cold  water.  The  air,  which 
is  always  present,  being  non-condensible,  is  little  affected  by 
this  final  cooling,  but  the  effect  on  the  final  volume  of  steam 
is  remarkable,  a  much  greater  proportion  of  it  being  condensed 
in  the  cooler  region  and  the  air  pump,  instead  of  handling 
a  certain  volume  of  air  plus  a  relatively  large  volume  of 
steam,  is  enabled  to  draw  out  a  mixture  from  which  a  large 
part  of  the  steam  as  such  has  been  eliminated.  This  law 
may  be  illustrated  arithmetically  as  follows: 

CASE  I.    Slight  Counter  Current  Effect. 

Assume  initial  temperature  injection  water  70° 

Temperature  at  which  air  is  removed  90° 

Vacuum  (temperature  101.3°)  28° 

Weight  of  air  entering  condenser  per  minute  1  Ib. 

In  this  case,  owing  to  an  excess  of  cooling  water  as  ordin- 
arily supplied,  the  mixture  of  air  and  vapor  is  taken  off  in 
a  partly  cooled  condition,  i.e.,  from  101.3  degrees  (the  hot- 
test point)  to  90  degrees.  At  this  temperature  and  pressure 
the  volume  of  the  pound  of  air  alone  is  221  cubic  feet,  while 
the  volume  of  the  steam  is  539  cubic  feet.  Therefore,  the  air 
pump,  in  order  to  extract  a  pound  of  air  per  minute,  must 
have  an  effective  displacement  of  221  cubic  feet  plus  539=750 
cubic  feet  per  minute. 

CASE  II.     Full  Counter  Current  Effect. 

Assume  initial  temperature  injection  water  70° 

Temperature  at  which  air  is  removed  70° 

Vacuum  (temperature  101.3°)  28° 

Weight  of  air  entering  condenser  per  minute  1  Ib. 


11 


In  this  case,  the  full  counter  current  effect  is  realized,  the 
mixture  of  air  and  steam  being  taken  off  at  70  degrees  tem- 
perature (a  cooling  of  31.3  degrees  below  the  hottest  part). 
At  70  degrees  the  volume  of  one  pound  of  air  alone  is  213 
cubic  feet,  while  the  volume  of  steam  in  the  mixture  is  only 
125  cubic  feet,  making  a  total  of  338  cubic  feet  for  the  air 
pump  to  handle,  or  less  than  half  the  size  required  for  case  I. 

These  relationships  remain  the  same  whether  the  cooling 
is  done  in  a  surface  or  a  jet  condenser,  and  the  Leblanc  air 
pump,  as  applied  to  either  type,  combines  in  its  cold  circula- 
ting water  both  the  means  of  expelling  the  air  and  simul- 
taneously cooling  the  mixture  to  the  point  of  minimum  volume. 


12 


Small  For   units    smaller   than    300 

Sizes  horse  power,   it    is  customary 

to  eliminate  the  main  condensing  chamber 
and  pass  all  of  the  exhaust  steam  as  well 
as  the  air  through  the  air  pump  only. 
For  this  service,  the  air  pump  is  slightly 
modified,  a  relatively  greater  amount  of 
water  being  used,  which  serves  both  to 
expel  the  air  and  condense  the  steam  in 
one  operation.  The  sectional  cut  illus- 
trates a  complete  condenser  of  this  type. 

The  same  high  efficiency  is  maintained 
and  the  apparatus  occupies  scarcely  more 
space  than  that  required  for  the  exhaust 
pipe  alone.  The  accompanying  cut  illus- 
trates a  vertical  steam  engine  equipped 
with  one  of  these  small  condensers. 


13 


For  use  with  surface  condensers,    both  stationary 

A  .    n  and  marine,   and  for  application  to  barometric  and 

Air  Pumps  . 

other  types  of  jet   condensers,    evaporating   pans, 

etc.,  the  air  pump  is  furnished  separately.  Embodying,  as  it 
does,  the  vital  element  of  the  Leblanc  system,  its  application  in 
any  situation  requiring  an  efficient  vacuum  will  insure  a  marked 
improvement  in  the  effectiveness  of  the  entire  equipment. 

In  the  case  of  new  installations  of  surface  condensers, 
the  air  pump  and  the  circulating  pump  may  be  combined  in 
a  single  compact  unit  substantially  as  shown  by  the  cut  below. 

It  is  not  always  logical  to  refer  to  European  prac- 

C|i  /"*/"* />o  c 

tice    as    a    criterion    to   be    precisely    followed    in 
Abroad  ,  ,  .     , 

America,  tor  the  reason  that   labor  cost  is  lower 

and  fuel  cost  much  higher  and,  therefore,  warrant  the  use  of 
expensive  and  elaborate  equipment  which  would  fail  to 
realize  any  ultimate  economy  when  transplanted  in  the  region 
of  lower  fuel  cost  and  higher  labor.  In  the  present  in- 
stance, however,  where  the  whole  tendency  is  in  the  direction 
of  simplicity  and  ease  of  handling,  the  fact  of  the  rapid 
adoption  of  the  Leblanc  system  in  England  and  on  the  Con- 
tinent possesses  a  useful  significance  for  American  practice. 

There  are  upwards  of  400  installations  in  Europe,  aggrega- 
ting one-half  million  horse  power,  many  of  the  most  prominent 
engine  and  turbine  builders,  including  Prof.  Rateau,  having 
abandoned  the  older  types  formerly  manufactured  by  them- 
selves and  are  installing  the  Leblanc  system  exclusively. 
Mr.  Balcke,  of  Bochum,  Germany,  probably  the  largest  con- 


14 


denser  builder  in  Burope,  is  now  turning  out  the  Leblanc  type 
exclusively,  under  a  license  arrangement.  Naturally,  the 
majority  of  these  installations  are  in  connection  with  steam 
turbines  of  various  makes,  but  a  considerable  proportion  is 
applied  to  stationary  reciprocating  engines,  marine  engines, 
vacuum  pans,  etc. 

The  First  At  the  present  writing  there  has  already  been 
Year's  contracted  for  in  this  country  over  60  Leblanc 

Miowmg  Condensers,  aggregating  75,000  horse  power.  Most 
of  these  serve  turbines  of  various  types,  while  a  few,  espe- 
cially in  small  sizes,  are  used  with  reciprocating  engines. 

Results  obtained  from  some  of  these  plants  are  set  forth 
in  the  following  tables. 

Efficiency  is  here  expressed  by  the  percentage  of  an  ideally 
perfect  vacuum  actually  obtained.  For  instance,  if  the  dis- 
charge temperature  is  100  degrees  Fahrenheit,  the  corres- 
ponding ideal  vacuum  would  be  28.08  inches.  If,  however, 
the  observed  vacuum  is  27.75  inches,  the  efficiency  percentage 
would  be 

27.75 


28.08 


=   98. i 


RELIEF  VALVE. 


NLET  TO  WELL 


15 


Shop  Test— East  Pittsburg 
No.  12  Condenser— Capacity  and  Efficiency 


Steam  Condensed 

Temperatures 

Vacuum   Referred 

Per  Cent  of 

Lbs.  Per  Hour 

Injection 

Discharge 

to  a  30    Barometer 

11,400 

65 

79 

28.76 

99.5 

18,300 

70 

92 

28.09 

98.8 

25,000 

71 

97 

27.96 

99.3 

32,100 

70 

104 

27.59 

99.3 

38,600 

70 

112 

26.81 

98.8 

11,300 

55.3 

72 

29.06 

99.5 

18,400 

56.5 

86.3 

28.44 

99.4 

25,000 

62.3 

94 

28.21 

99.7 

32,100 

65.5 

103 

27.51 

99.0 

37,500 

54.0 

102 

27.56 

99.0 

Jersey  Central  Traction  Company,  Keyport,  New  Jersey 
No.  5  Condenser— Capacity  and  Efficiency 

(Rated  capacity  8380  Ibs.  steam  condensed  at  27"  vacuum  and  90  degrees  injection   temperature) 


Steam   Condensed 
Lbs.  Per  Hour 

Temperatures 

Vacuum   Referred 
to  a  30"  Barometer 

Per  Cent  of 
Ideal  Vacuum 

Injection 

Discharge 

5,680 

85.5 

100.5 

27.8 

99.1 

9,200 

87.0 

108.0 

27.3 

99.1 

12,000 

88.0 

120.0 

26.4 

99.4 

15,000 

87.0 

124.0 

26.1 

99.7 

19,000 

87.0 

139.0 

24.0 

98.9 

Union  Sand  and  Material  Company 
No.  5  Condenser — Efficiency  Only 


Temperature 
Discharge 

Vacuum   Referred 
to  a  30"  Barometer 

Per  Cent  of 
Ideal  Vacuum 

75 

28.9 

99.2 

80 

28.7 

99.1 

82 

28.7 

99.3 

78 

2  8..  6 

98.5 

(Practically  full  load  was   maintained  during  the  above   readings,  viz.,  from   450   to  525   kilo- 
watts on  the  turbine) 

Jacksonville  Oil  Mill  Co.,  Jacksonville,  Ala. 
No.  1  Condenser— Efficiency  Only 


Temperature 
Discharge 

Vacuum   Referred 
to  a  30"  Barometer 

Per  Cent  of 
Ideal  Vacuum 

102 
106 
95 

27.86 
27.66 
28.18 

99.6 
99.8 
99.5 

16 


500  kw.  condenser  at  the  plant  of 
the  Calhoun  Light  &  Power  Co.,  Jacksonville,  Ala. 


17 


Relation  between  temperature  and  pressure  of  saturated  steam 


a 

'S  J3 

a 

•g  S 

w 

i>  Q 

a 

•J  & 

§ 

«  | 

g   • 

a  ~ 

£  "5 

04 

a  £ 

§ 

a  % 

£  aj 

&H  £ 

<j   at 

§£  I 

D  £  2 

h  & 

§  ° 

tj*  "S  ° 

<5  ^ 

V   s 
S  ^ 

§2  2 

<  "§ 

V     ^ 

^  1i)    O 

i—1  C  C 

03  $ 

53 

v  ^ 

O3  .0 

t3   *"   =3 

v  ^ 

03  JD 

t>     rt 

V    ^ 

03    S 

t3        «t 

a  bi 

03  <J 

o  £« 

a   bi 

a  "1 

o  SE« 

W   bi 

w  ": 

o  g« 

a  bi 

03  <jj 

a    . 

o  Sw 

S  Q 

04  j§ 

>  eS 

a  Q 

04    * 

^*  c 

g  Q 

04  _g 

K*     rj  C-^ 

§  Q 

>  c  S 

H 

^  iJ 

—  at 

a 

ij 

•-  at 

W 

i-3 

•-    C8 

a 

i-3 

—    CS 

EH 

.S  £ 

.5  £ 

.S  £ 

h 

.S  £ 

70 

0.3602 

29.27 

90 

0.6925 

28.59 

110 

1.2663 

27.42 

130 

2.2119 

25.50 

71 

0.3726 

29.24 

91 

0.7146 

28.55 

111 

1.3035 

27.35 

131 

2.2719 

25.38 

72 

0.3854 

29.22 

92 

0.7372 

28.50 

112 

1.3416 

27.27 

132 

2.3333 

25.25 

73 

0.3986 

29.19 

93 

0.7605 

28.45 

113 

1.3807 

27.19 

133 

2.3961 

25.12 

74 

0.4122 

29.16 

94 

0.7844 

28.40 

114 

1.4207 

27.11 

134 

2.4603 

24.99 

75 

0.4262 

29.13 

95 

0.8090 

28.35 

115 

1.4618 

27.02 

135 

2.5261 

24.86 

76 

0.4406 

29.10 

96 

0.8342 

28.30 

116 

1  .  5039 

26.94 

136 

2.5932 

24.72 

77 

0.4555 

29.07 

97 

0.8601 

28.25 

117 

1.5470 

26.85 

137 

2.6619 

24.58 

78 

0.4708 

29.04 

98 

0.8867 

28.20 

118 

1.5912 

26.76 

138 

2.7321 

24.44 

79 

0.4865 

29.01 

99 

0.9140 

28.14 

119 

1.6364 

26.67 

139 

2.8040 

24.29 

80 

0.5027 

28.98 

100 

0.9421 

28.08 

120 

1.6828 

26.58 

140 

2.8774 

24.15 

81 

0.5194 

28.94 

101 

0.9709 

28.02 

121 

1.7302 

26.48 

141 

2.9525 

23.99 

82 

0.5365 

28.91 

102 

1.0004 

27.96 

122 

1.7789 

26.37 

142 

3.0292 

23.84 

83 

0.5542 

28.87 

103 

1.0307 

27.90 

123 

1.8287 

26.28 

143 

3.1076 

23.68 

84 

0.5723 

28.84 

104 

1.0619 

27,84 

124 

1.8797 

26.18 

144 

3.1877 

23.51 

85 

0.5910 

28.80 

105 

1.0938 

27.77 

125 

1.9318 

26.07 

145 

3.2696 

23.35 

86 

0.6102 

28.76 

106 

1.1266 

27.71 

126 

1.9852 

25.96 

146 

3.3532 

23.18 

87 

0.6299 

28.72 

107 

1.1602 

27.64 

127 

2.0399 

25.85 

147 

3.4387 

23.00 

88 

0.6502 

28.68 

108 

1.1947 

27.57 

128 

2.0959 

25.74 

148 

3.5260 

22.83 

89 

0.6711 

28.63 

109 

1.2301 

27.50 

129 

2.1533 

25.62 

149 

3.6152 

22.64 

The  above  vacua  are  referred  to  a  barometer  of  30  inches. 
In  taking  vacuum  readings,  a  barometer  reading  at  the  same 
level  as  the  condenser  should  be  obtained,  and  in  comparing 
temperatures  allowance  should  be  made  for  the  barometer, 
adding  or  subtracting,  as  the  case  may  be,  the  difference 
between  the  barometer  readings  and  30  inches.  Thus,  if  the 
barometer  reading  is  30.3  inches,  for  example,  subtract  0.3 
inches  from  the  vacuum  reading  to  get  the  correct  vacuum. 
If  the  barometer  reads  29.6,  for  example,  then  add  0.4  to  the 
vacuum  reading  to  get  the  correct  vacuum. 


18 


Relative  volumes  of  air  in    a    saturate  mixture  —  at  various 
temperatures  —  corresponding  to  different  observed  vacua 


Temperature 
Deg.  Fahr. 

fl§*. 

I*  O  C*  M 

»!_•§ 

OHH   (B  x 
M  D  3  P 
^Sl£ 
gg-S-fc 

(£a5<<< 

Inches  Vacuum 
Referred  to  a  30" 
Barometer,  no 
Air  Present 

Pounds  per  Square  Inch  Absolute 

.49 

.98 

1.47 

1.96 

2.45    j   2.94 

14.697 

Inches  Vacuum  Referred  to  a  30"  Barometer 

29 

28 

27 

26 

25 

24 

0 

Per  Cent  Volume  of  Saturated  Air  Present  in  a  Mixture  of 
Air  and  Vapor  of  Water 

60 

70 

80 

90 
95 
100 

105 
110 
112 

114 
116 
118 

120 
122 
124 

126 
128 
130 

132 
134 
136 

138 
140 

0.2545 
0.3602 
0.5027 

0.6925 

0.8090 
0.9421 

1.0938 
1.2663 
1.3416 

1.4207 
1.5039 
1.5912 

1.6828 
1.7789 
1.8797 

1.9852 
2.0959 
2.2119 

2.3333 

2.4603 
2.5932 

2.7321 
2.8774 

29.48 
29.26 
28.97 

28.59 
28.35 
28.08 

27.77 
27.42 
27.26 

27.10 
26.93 
26.75 

26.57 
26.37 
26.17 

25.95 
25.73 
25.48 

25.24 
24.90 
24.71 

24.42 
24.13 

48.0 
26.5 

74.0 
63.0 
48.6 

29.4 
17.4 
3.87 

82.6 
75.5 
65.8 

52.9 
45.0 
35.9 

25.6 
13.8 
8.7 

3.3 

87.0 
81.5 
74.3 

64.6 

58.7 
51.9 

44.2 
35.4 
31.6 

27.5 
23.3 
18.8 

14.1 
9.3 
4.1 

89.5 
85.5 
79.5 

71.8 
67.0 
61.5 

55.3 
48.3 
45.3 

42.0 
38.6 

35.05 

31.3 
27.4 
23.3 

18.96 
14.45 
9.72 

4.77 

91.4 
87.8 
82.9 

76.4 
72.5 
67.9 

62.8 
56.9 
54.4 

51.6 
48.9 
45.85 

42.8 
39.5 
36.1 

32.5 
28.7 
24.8 

20.6 
16.3 
11.8 

7.07 
2.13 

98.4 
97.6 
96.7 

95.4 
94.6 
93.7 

92.6 
91.4 
90.9 

90.4 
89.8 
89.3 

88.6 
88.0 
87.3 

86.6 
85.8 
85.0 

84.2 
83.3 
82.5 

81.5 
80.5 

19 


An  Interesting  Installation 

A  1000  kw.  Westinghouse  Exhaust  Steam  Turbine,  with  a  Leblanc  Condenser  working 

in  connection  with  a  cooling  tower  at  the  plant  of   the  Colorado  Springs 

Electric  Company,   Colorado  Springs,   Col. 


20 


Cooling  tower  used  in  connection  with  the  low  pressure  turbine  and 

Westinghouse-Leblanc  Condenser  shown  on  the  opposite  page 

It  is  needless  to  remark  that  the  free   use    of   artificial    cooling  devices  is  made  a 
commercial  success  only  by  combining  with  a  highly  efficient  condensing  equipment 


21 


A  typical  installation  of   a  500-kilowatt 
Westinghouse-L,eblanc  turbine-driven  condenser 


22 


The    \Vestinghouse    Machine    Company 

General  Offices,  Works  and  Laboratory 

East  Pittsburg,  Pa. 


SALES  OFFICES 

NEW  YORK 165  BROADWAY 

ATLANTA CANDLER  BUILDING 

BOSTON 131  STATE  STREET 

CHICAGO 171  LA  SALLE  STREET 

CINCINNATI         .        .        ..  •       .         .  1102  TRACTION  BUILDING 

CLEVELAND NEW  ENGLAND  BUILDING 

SAN  FRANCISCO          .       HUNT,  MIRK  &  Co., -141  SECOND  STREET 

DENVER 512  MCPHEE  BUILDING 

PITTSBURG WESTINGHOUSE  BUILDING 

PHILADELPHIA 1003  N.  AMERICAN  BUILDING 

ST.  L/ouis    .         .         .         .        .        .        .  CHEMICAL  BUILDING 


G.  &  O.  BRANIFF  &  Co.  ....          CITY  OF  MEXICO 


THE  CORDAY  &  GROSS  Co. 
CLEVELAND 


24 


726302 


W4 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW 


AN     INITIAL    FINE    OF    25    CENTS 

WILL  BE  ASSESSED  FOR  FAILURE  TO  RETURN 
THIS  BOOK  ON  THE  DATE  DUE.  THE  PENALTY 
WILL  INCREASE  TO  SO  CENTS  ON  THE  FOURTH 
DAY  AND  TO  $1.OO  ON  THE  SEVENTH  DAY 
OVERDUE. 


AUG    1  1933 


